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67 PER CENT 
OF THE FOOD 
VALUE OF THE CORN 
OBTAINED FROM 
EARS AND FODDER 



91 PER CENT OF 
THE FOOD VALUE 
OF THE CORN 
OBTAINED FROM SILAGE 



I THE. OLD WAY 



2 THE NEW HA* 



WHY BUILD A SILO? 

In these days of high land values and 
increasing cost of all farming opera- 
tions, it is important that the farmer ob- 
tain from his crops the greatest pos- 
sible feeding value per acre. He must 
grow forage crops that contain the 
highest proportion of materials which 
actually go to make bone, flesh and fat. 

About 40 per cent of the entire feed- 
ing value of corn is in the stalks and 
leaves. As the corn crop is harvested 
on many farms, this portion of its 
value is lost. Is it good business to 
go to the expense of producing this 
crop, robbing the land of its valuable 
elements, and then losing this 40 per 
cent of food value by letting the stalks 
and leaves go to waste? 

THE SILO AND PREPAREDNESS 

With rising costs of all kinds of food- 
stuffs and the threatened shortage 
which the country faces owing to world- 
wide conditions, it is the duty of every 
one to do all in his power to avoid 
waste and to increase production. This 
country cannot afford citizens who 
throw 40 per cent of the corn crop 
away. In the present national 
crisis, every acre of land should 
be made to yield its full capac- 
ity, and every human endeavor 
should be directed toward con- 
servation. 



The shaded portions represent lots 



CEMENT STAVE SILOS 



WHAT THE SILO WILL DO 

It takes a good farmer to make two 
blades of grass grow where one grew 
before. It takes a better farmer to 
grow two bushels of corn where former- 
ly one bushel was grown. The farmer 
who can make $2 this year where he 
made $1 last year is a good business 
man. Any farmer can do what amounts 
to these very things with only a small 
additional investment and very little 
more labor. He can build a silo and 
save all of the corn crop and make 
valuable food of it for practically every 
farm animal. 

In converting corn into silage it is 
easy to almost double the feeding value 
per acre of the crop. Silage is a juicy, 
appetizing feed, uniform in quality at 
all seasons, relished by farm animals, 
and has a combined tonic and laxative 
effect upon the digestive organs. 

SILAGE FOR DAIRY COWS 

When the practice of feeding silage 
was new, most people thought it was 
good only for dairy cattle. Although 
there is no doubt that silage is the best 
roughage obtainable for dairy cows, 
experiments carried on in recent years 
by the United States Department of 
Agriculture and various experiment 
stations have proved conclusively that 
it can be fed with profit to almost all 
kinds of farm animals. 

In an experiment carried on by the 
Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, 
two groups of dairy cows producing 
about equal quantities of milk were fed 
with their grain as nearly as possible 
the same amount of roughage, one hay, 





' 1 IP 





CEMENT STAVE SILOS 





the other silage. The group that re- 
ceived silage produced 15^ per cent 
more milk and 1 1 per cent more butter 
fat per 100 pounds of nutrients fed. 
Other experiments carried on along 
these lines have confirmed the results 
of this test. 

QUANTITY OF SILAGE TO FEED 

Because of its uniformity, palatabil- 
ity and economy, silage is the ideal feed 
for dairy cows. To receive the best 
returns from dairy cows, about 40 
pounds of silage, with some dry rough- 
age should be fed per day. Silage-fed 
cows keep up an even flow of milk, 
have a silky coat and keep in good, 
healthy condition at all seasons. 

SILAGE GOOD FOR FATTENING 
STOCK 

Many farmers have not built silos 
because they do not wish to carry on 
regular feeding operations in the winter. 
Their idea is to buy cattle in the fall 
and winter them on corn fodder. As 
a general rule, cattle cared for in this 
manner will come out in the spring in 
just about the same condition and 
weight as when they started in the 
winter, while cattle wintered on silage, 
which costs no more than common corn 
fodder, invariably make large gains. 
Silage-fed cattle have that smooth hard 
finish, so much desired by farmers and 
packers. 

Out of i 1 4 answers received by the 
Missouri Experiment Station in reply 
to the question, "Do you find that it 
costs less to fatten a steer when silage 
forms a large part of the ration," 112 



CEMENT STAVE SILOS 



cattle feeders answered "Yes," while 
two were unable to give a positive 
answer. 

The quantity of silage which should 
be fed to cattle that are being fattened 
depends on several conditions, such as 
time of year, state of market, weight of 
cattle and other feeds being used with 
silage. From 20 to 25 pounds of silage 
per day is usually enough. 

SILAGE FOR SHEEP 

Silage may be fed to sheep with good 
results. As sheep require a greater 
variety of food than other farm animals, 
better results are obtained by combin- 
ing such roughage as clover and alfalfa 
with the silage. It has been proved 
that the expense of feeding sheep can 
be greatly reduced by adding silage to 
their ration. 

SILAGE FOR HOGS 

For hogs, silage is better as a condi- 
tioner than as a fattener. Hogs will 
eat it readily, but it is too bulky to 
produce fat when fed alone. It has 
been recommended very highly as feed 
for sows with pigs, as it will quicken the 
flow of milk. 

FEEDING SILAGE TO HORSES 

The practice is growing of feeding 
silage to horses. Care should at all 
times be taken that no frozen or moldy 
silage is given them. Silage is not rich 
enough in nutrients to be used as the 
only feed for work horses. Grain 
should be given with it. Colts and 
horses that are not worked through the 



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CEMENT STAVE SILOS 





winter can be successfully carried 
through on silage and straw. This is 
economical feeding and if carefully 
done, invariably takes the stock 
through the winter in splendid condi- 
tion. About 8 or 10 pounds of silage 
per day is all that should be fed. 



What kind of a Silo? 

As the economy of Jeeding silage de- 
pends in part upon the efficiency of the 
silo, it is necessary that the silo be 

Airtight 

Waterproof 

Raiproof 

Windproof 

Fireproof 

Permanent 

AIRTIGHTNESS 

No doubt the most important re- 
quirement is that the silo be airtight. 
Silage spoils owing to bacterial action, 
which cannot take place unless air is 
present. CEMENT STAVE SILOS 
are so built that it is impossible for 
air to reach the silage through the walls. 

WATERTIGHTNESS 

It is necessary that the walls of a silo 
be watertight not only to prevent 
entrance of water from the outside, 
but to prevent silage juices from escap- 
ing. The individual staves of which 
the cement stave silo is made are water- 
tight and when laid up the joints 
between them are sealed in such a 
manner that there is no leakage. 



CEMENT STAVE SILOS 



Cement staves have been successfully 
used for building water tanks of 
moderate height. 

RATPROOFNESS 

Rats and mice will gnaw their way 
into some silos, if possible, to nest in 
the silage. The holes which they make 
allow air to enter and result in con- 
siderable silage being spoiled. Rats and 
mice cannot gnaw through concrete. 

WINDPROOFNESS 

Cement stave silos are windproof. 
They have withstood tornadoes which 
have leveled other silos and all sur- 
rounding structures. The weight of 
the cement stave silo is a great point 
in its favor. There is no need to 
tighten or loosen hoops. It is unne- 
cessary to attach guy wires to keep it 
from blowing over. Once properly 
erected, the cement stave silo is up for 
all time. 

FIREPROOFNESS 

On the average farm there are few 
means of fighting fire, therefore a silo 
should be fireproof. Cement stave 
silos have successfully withstood very 
severe fires. If they are built with a 
concrete chute, not a pound of silage 
need be lost through exposure to fire. 
A cement stave silo will protect the 
store of winter feed against such hap- 
penings. After a dry season when 
other feeds are very expensive and the 
farmer has nothing that can be sub- 
stituted for his silage, its loss means 
far more than its ordinary actual value. 









CEMENT STAVE SILOS 





There are many instances on record 
where the burning of a silo has not only 
cost the owner his silo and its valuable 
contents but has made it necessary for 
him to sell his stock because of having 
no feed, and consequently has driven 
him out of business for a season or 
two. A cement stave silo will make 
certain that your dairy plant can be 
operated without interruption. 

PERMANENCE 

Cement stave silos are permanent. 
Many of them built twelve years ago 
are in as prefect condition today as 
when new. Concrete grows strong- 
er and tougher with age. There is 
no outlay for upkeep and repairs, 
no painting, no mortar joints to fill, 
no holes to patch. A cement stave 
silo on your farm will make large re- 
turns yearly for no one knows how 
many years. 

EASE OF CONSTRUCTION 

One of the many points in favor of 
the cement stave silo is the ease and 
speed with which it can be built. 
Four men are usually required to do 
the work — two above, one to set the 
staves, and the other to follow and 
plumb them, while two men below 
hoist the staves and help with scaf- 
folding. 

Common types of cement silo staves 
are 28 to 30 inches long, 10 to 12 
inches wide, and 2y 2 to 3 inches thick. 
There is some variation of method pre- 
vailing among the different stave man- 
ufacturers or systems of building stave 
silos in joining the staves together; but 



CEMENT STAVE SILOS 



as all of these methods are being used 
with reasonable satisfaction, the slight 
differences are not of great conse- 
quence, and occasionally give an in- 
tending purchaser the opportunity to 
select a type which most appeals to his 
personal fancy. 

ERECTING THE SILO 

Excavation for the foundation is 
made to a point below possible frost 
penetration to prevent the structure 
from heaving by frost action. A solid 
concrete foundation is then put in, 
usually so that the floor of the silo will 
be not more than 4 feet below ground 
level. This depth is considered most 
satisfactory, as it is not too deep for 
convenient removal of the silage for 
feeding. 

In the first course of staves set upon 
the foundation, full and part length 
staves are alternated. This starts the 
breaking of joints which is maintained 
to the top row and which is finished 
with alternate full and part length 
staves. As each course of staves is 
placed in position, a steel band or 
hoop is put on and tightened. After 
all of the staves have been set, the 
hoops are again tightened to take up 
any remaining slack. The inside wall 
of the silo is then painted with a thick 
cement and water wash. This fills any 
water pockets on the surfaces of the 
staves and seals the seam between 
adjoining staves, giving a smooth, even, 
airtight and watertight surface. 

CONTINUOUS DOORWAYS 
Cement stave silos can be built with 





10 



CEMENT STAVE SILOS 






L. F. Crandall, 
Winsiow, 111. 



continuous doorways from top to bot- 
tom without weakening the structure. 
Specially designed door frames of con- 
crete or steel are used, and both types 
have given excellent satisfaction. Door 
openings are usually about 24 by 30 
inches, which allows plenty of room to 
get in to remove the silage. Con- 
venient ladder steps are provided and 
doors fit tightly into door frames so 
as to keep out air. 

QUICK ERECTION 

A cement silo can be built in less time 
than any other type of masonry silo. 
An average size is usually built com- 
plete in three days, although in many 
cases where all conditions have been 
favorable they have been built in two 
days. The staves may be hauled by 
the farmer any time when he is not 
busy. The silo crew is on the farm 
only a short time and does not inter- 
fere with the regular farm routine. 

GUARANTEE 

There are hundreds of cement stave 
silos in the central western states, 
which have been giving perfect satis- 
faction for periods up to twelve years. 
The cement stave silo is manufactured 
of home materials and by home labor, 
and erected by a home contractor who 
must depend upon local business and 
therefore stakes his reputation on his 
work right in your neighborhood. The 
buyer hauls the material to his farm 
and the contractor sends his expert 
crew to erect the silo. This not only 
relieves the farmer of building but 
makes it possible for the cement stave 



CEMENT STAVE SILOS 



silo contractor to give the farmer a real 
guarantee covering workmanship and 
materials and thus to protect him 
against loss. 

CEMENT STAVE CHUTE 

At slight additional expense a cement 
stave silo can be equipped with a 
cement stave chute which is also fire- 
proof and will protect the silo doors 
from fire. The cement stave chute is a 
feature of all new cement stave silos 
and can readily be attached to silos 
now in use. A permanent chute adds 
greatly to the appearance of the struc- 
ture and is an economical and inex- 
pensive addition. 

YOU CAN AFFORD A CEMENT 
STAVE SILO 

Any farmer can afford a cement stave 
silo. There is no upkeep expense such 
as painting and repairs. There is 
thorough protection against wind, rot, 
rats and fire. A good silo makes a farm 
more salable and marks the owner as 
a progressive farmer. A cement stave 
silo never fails to increase the farm 
income. 

For economy, profit and permanence, 
why not build a CEMENT STAVE 
SILO? 




Before the Fire 




After the Fire 

Silos Unharmed 

Because Built of 

Concrete — 

Silage Undamaged 



Several hundred Cement Products Plants now build Cement Stave 
Silos. If you do net {now a contractor who builds Cement Stave Silos 
in your neighborhood, write to the FARM BUREA U of the POR TLAND 
CEMENT ASSOCIATION. 



uxdkhky OF CONGRESS 




LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



00027^1270 



• 



Hollinger Corp. 
P H 8.5 



